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American biological process life scientist (1938–2011)

Lynn Margulis
Lynn Margulis.jpg

Margulis in 2005
Calved

Lynn Petra Alexander


(1938-03-05)March 5, 1938

Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
Died November 22, 2011(2011-11-22) (aged 73)

Amherst, Massachusetts, U.S.
Nationality American
Alma mater University of Boodle
University of Wisconsin–Madison
University of Calif., Berkeley
Known for Symbiogenesis
Ge hypothesis
Spouse(s)

Carl Sagan

​

​

(m. 1957; div. 1965)​


Thomas Margulis

​

​

(m. 1967; div. 1980)​
Children Dorion Sagan
Jeremy Sagan
Zachary Margulis-Ohnuma
Jennifer Margulis
Awards National Ribbo of Science (1999)
William Procter Prize for Scientific Accomplishment (1999)
Charles Darwin-Wallace Decoration (2008)
Knowledge base career
Fields Biology
Institutions Brandeis University
Boston University
University of Massachusetts Amherst
Thesis An Unusual Blueprint of Thymidine Incorporation in Euglena'(1965)
Student adviser Max Alfert
Influences Ivan Wallin, Konstantin Mereschkowski[1]

Lynn Margulis (born Lynn Petra Alexander;[2] [3] Abut 5, 1938 – November 22, 2011)[4] was an American organic process theorist, biologist, skill writer, educator, and skill popularizer, and was the primary modern proponent for the significance of symbiosis in evolution. Historian Jan Sapp has said that "Lynn Margulis's name is arsenic synonymous with mutualism every bit Charles Darwin's is with phylogenesis."[5] In item, Margulis changed and fundamentally framed current understanding of the development of cells with nuclei – an upshot Ernst Mayr named "perhaps the most important and dramatic case in the history of life"[6] – by proposing it to have been the termination of symbiotic mergers of bacteria. Margulis was likewise the atomic number 27-developer of the Gaia hypothesis with the British chemist St. James the Apostl Lovelock, proposing that the Globe functions A a single self-regulation system, and was the principal defender and promulgator of the five realm classification of Robert Whittaker.

Passim her vocation, Margulis' work could conjure up intense remonstrance (one subsidisation application elicited the response, "Your explore is crap. Assume't ever bother to apply again.")[5] [7] and her constructive paper, "On the Origin of Mitosing Cells", appeared in 1967 after being rejected away about fifteen journals.[8] Still a junior faculty member at Beantown University at the time, her possibility that cell organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts were once independent bacteria was largely ignored for another decade, becoming widely accepted only subsequently it was powerfully verified through genic evidence. Margulis was electoral a extremity of the The States National Academy of Sciences in 1983. President Clinton presented her the National Ribbo of Scientific discipline in 1999. The Linnean Bon ton of London awarded her the Darwin-Sir William Wallace Medal in 2008.

Called "Science's Rumbustious Earth Mother",[9] a "vindicated heretic",[10] or a scientific "southern",[11] Margulis was a strong critic of neo-Darwinism.[12] Her position sparked lifelong debate with lead neo-Darwinian biologists, including Richard Dawkins,[13] George II C. Williams, and John Maynard Smith.[5] Margulis' work happening symbiosis and her endosymbiotic theory had important predecessors, going punt to the mid-19th century – notably Andreas Franz Wilhelm Schimper, Konstantin Mereschkowski, Boris Kozo-Polyansky  [ru] (1890–1957), and Ivan Wallin – and Margulis not only promoted greater recognition for their contributions, but in person oversaw the first English translation of Kozo-Polyansky's Symbiogenesis: A Newfangled Principle of Evolution, which appeared the year before her death. Many of her major plant, particularly those intended for a general readership, were collaboratively typewritten with her son Dorion Sagan.

In 2002, Discover magazine recognized Margulis as extraordinary of the 50 most important women in science.[14]

Life history [edit]

Lynn Margulis was born in Chicago, to a Somebody, Zionist family.[15] Her parents were Morris Alexander and Leona Wise Alexander the Great. She was the first of four daughters. Her Father of the Church was an attorney who also ran a company that made road paints. Her mother operated a travel agency.[16] She entered the Hyde Ballpark Academy High Shoal in 1952,[17] describing herself Eastern Samoa a nonstandard scholar who frequently had to stand in the corner.[3]

A precocious child, she was accepted at the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools[18] at the age of 15.[19] [20] [21] In 1957, at eld 19, she earned a BA from the University of Chicago in Openhanded Arts. She united the University of Wisconsin to study biology under Hans Ris and Walter Plaut, her executive program, and graduated in 1960 with an MS in genetics and zoology. (Her first issue, published with Plaut in 1958 in the Journal of Protozoology, was on the genetics of Euglena, flagellates which have features of both animals and plants.)[22] She then chased research at the University of California, Berkeley, subordinate the zoologist Max Alfert. Before she could complete her dissertation, she was offered enquiry associateship then lectureship at Brandeis University in Massachusetts in 1964. It was while working there that she obtained her Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley in 1965. Her dissertation was An Unusual Radiation pattern of Thymidine Internalization in Euglena. [23] In 1966 she touched to Boston University, where she taught biology for twenty-two old age. She was initially an Adjunct Assistant Prof, then was appointed to Assistant Professor in 1967. She was promoted to Associate Professor in 1971, to whole Professor in 1977, and to University Professor in 1986. In 1988 she was appointed Distinguished Professor of Botany at the University of Bay State at Amherst. She was Grand Professor of Biological science in 1993. In 1997 she transferred to the Department of Geosciences at Amherst to become Distinguished Prof of Geosciences "with bully joy",[24] the post which she held until her end.[25]

Personal life [edit]

Margulis married astronomer Carl Sagan in 1957 soon after she got her unmarried man's degree. Sagan was then a grad student in physics at the University of Chicago. Their marriage ended in 1964, precisely before she completed her PhD. They had two sons, Dorion Sagan, WHO later became a favorite science writer and her collaborator, and Jeremy Sagan, software developer and cave in of Sagan Technology. In 1967, she married Lowell Jackson Thomas N. Margulis, a crystallographer. They had a son named Zachary Margulis-Ohnuma, a Empire State City outlaw defence reaction lawyer, and a girl Jennifer Margulis, teacher and author.[26] [27] They single in 1980. She commented, "I quit my job American Samoa a wife twice," and, "it's not humanly assertable to make up a good wife, a good mother, and a first-class scientist. No united can do it — something has to go."[27] In the 2000s she had a relationship with buster biologist Ricardo Guerrero.[17] Her sister Joan Black lovage wedded Alfred Nobel Laureate Sheldon Lee Glashow; other sister, Sharon, married mathematician Daniel Kleitman.

She was a churchgoing agnostical,[17] and a halt evolutionist. But she rejected the modern evolutionary deduction,[12] and said: "I remember waking upward one day with an epiphanous revelation: I am not a neo-Darwinist! I recalled an earlier experience, when I realized that I wasn't a subject field Jew. Although I greatly admire Darwin's contributions and agree with most of his theoretical analysis and I am a Darwinist, I am not a neo-Darwinist."[8] She argued that "Natural selection eliminates and possibly maintains, merely it doesn't create", and retained that mutualism was the major driver of evolutionary change.[12]

In 2013, Margulis was catalogued as having been a member of the Advisory Council of the Domestic Center for Science Education.[28]

Margulis died along 22 Nov 2011 at home in Amherst, MA, pentad days later on suffering a haemorrhagic stroke.[2] [3] [27] [29] As her bid, she was cremated and her ashes were scattered in her favorite research areas, near her home.[30]

Contributions [edit out]

Endosymbiosis possibility [edit]

In 1966, as a young module member at Boston University, Margulis wrote a theoretical paper styled "On the Extraction of Mitosing Cells".[32] The paper, however, was "rejected by about fifteen scientific journals," she recalled.[8] It was ultimately acknowledged by Journal of Speculative Biological science and is considered today a turning point in modern endosymbiotic theory. Weathering constant critique of her ideas for decades, Margulis was famous for her tenacity in pushing her theory forward, despite the opposition she faced at the metre.[3] The descent of mitochondria from bacteria and of chloroplasts from cyanobacteria was experimentally demonstrated in 1978 by Robert Schwartz and Margaret Dayhoff.[33] This awl-shaped the first experimental evidence for the symbiogenesis theory.[3] The endosymbiosis theory of organogenesis became wide accepted in the early 1980s, after the familial material of mitochondria and chloroplasts had been found to be significantly antithetical from that of the symbiont's nuclear DNA.[34]

In 1995, English language biological process biologist Richard Dawkins had this to say about Lynn Margulis and her work:

I greatly admire Lynn Margulis's sheer braveness and stamina in sticking by the endosymbiosis theory, and carrying it through from being an unorthodoxy to an orthodoxy. I'm referring to the theory that the eukaryotic cell is a symbiotic union of primitive prokaryotic cells. This is one of the great achievements of ordinal-C biological process biota, and I greatly look up to her for it.[8]

Symbiosis A evolutionary force [edit]

Margulis opposed competition-oriented views of evolution, stressing the importance of symbiotic or united relationships between species.[9]

She later formulated a theory that planned symbiotic relationships between organisms of other phyla or kingdoms every bit the driving personnel of evolution, and explained genetic variation as occurring chiefly through transferral of nuclear information between bacterial cells or viruses and eucaryotic cells.[9] Her cell organ Genesis ideas are now widely undisputed, merely the proposal that symbiotic relationships explain most genetic variation is still something of a fringe idea.[9]

Margulis besides held a negative view of certain interpretations of Neo-Darwinism that she felt were excessively centralised on competition between organisms, American Samoa she believed that history will ultimately judge them equally comprising "a minor twentieth-century devout sect within the sprawling religious persuasion of Anglo-Saxon Biological science."[9] She wrote that proponents of the standardized theory "wallow in their biological science, capitalistic, competitive, cost-benefit version of Darwin – having FALSE him ... Neo-Darwinism, which insists on [the slow accrual of mutations aside factor-level survival], is in a thoroughgoing shrink."[9]

Gaia hypothesis [delete]

Margulis initially sought out the advice of Lovelock for her own inquiry: she explained that, "In the early seventies, I was nerve-racking to align bacteria by their metabolic pathways. I detected that all kinds of bacteria produced gases. Oxygen, hydrogen sulfide, carbon copy dioxide, nitrogen, ammonia—more than thirty different gases are presented off by the bacteria whose evolutionary history I was keen to retrace. Wherefore did all man of science I asked believe that atmospheric oxygen was a biological product merely the opposite atmospheric gases—nitrogen, methane, sulfur, and so on—were not? 'Go talk to Lovelock,' leastways four different scientists recommended. Lovelock believed that the gases in the aura were biological."[8]

Margulis met with Lovelock, who explained his Gaia hypothesis to her, and very soon they began an intense collaborative effort on the concept.[8] One of the earliest significant publications on Gaia was a 1974 paper co-authored by Lovelock and Margulis, which succinctly defined the hypothesis as follows: "The notion of the biosphere as an active adaptive control system capable to keep the Earth in homeostasis we are calling the 'Gaia hypothesis.'"[35]

Like other early presentations of Lovelock's idea, the Lovelock-Margulis 1974 paper seemed to give living organisms complete agency in creating planetary self-regulation, whereas afterward, as the mind matured, this planetary-scale self-regulation was recognized every bit an emerging property of the Earth system, life and its physical environment taken conjointly.[36] When climatologist Sir Leslie Stephen Schneider convened the 1989 American Geology Union Chapman Conference around the issue of Gaia, the estimate of "strong Gaia" and "asthenic Gaia" was introduced by William James Kirchner, after which Margulis was sometimes associated with the idea of "weak Gaia", incorrectly (her essay "Gaia is a Tough Bitch" dates from 1995 – and it expressed her own distinction from Lovelock as she saw it, which was mainly that she did not like the metaphor of Earth arsenic a single organism, because, she said, "Nary organism eats its own squander"[8]). In her 1998 book Symbiotic Planet, Margulis explored the kinship between Gaia and her work on symbiosis.[37]

Five kingdoms of life [edit]

In 1969, life along earth was classified into 5 kingdoms, as introduced by Robert Whittaker.[38] Margulis became the all but important assistant, likewise arsenic critic[39] – while supporting parts, she was the primary to recognize the limitations of Whittaker's categorization of microbes.[40] Only tardive discoveries of new organisms, such as archaea, and emergence of molecular taxonomy challenged the concept.[41] By the mid-2000s, all but scientists began to agree that there are more than v kingdoms.[42] [43] Margulis became the well-nig important guardian of the pentad kingdom classification. She rejected the three-demesne system introduced by Carl Woese in 1990, which gained comprehensive acceptation. She introduced a modified classification past which all life forms, including the newly discovered, could be integrated into the classical quintuplet kingdoms. Reported to her the important problem, archaea, falls under the realm Prokaryotae alongside bacteria (in contrast to the three-domain system, which treats archaea as a higher taxon than kingdom, or the half dozen-kingdom scheme, which holds that information technology is a divide land).[41] Her conception is given in item in her book Five Kingdoms, written with Karlene V. Schwartz.[44] IT has been advisable that it is mainly because of Margulis that the five-kingdom system survives.[24]

Controversies [edit]

It has been suggested that initial rejection of Margulis' work happening the endosymbiotic theory, and the controversial nature of it A healthy as Gaia theory, ready-made her identify throughout her life history with scientific mavericks, outsiders and unaccepted theories generally.[5] In the last decade of her life, while Key components of her life's work began to cost understood as fundamental to a modern scientific point of view – the widespread adoption of Earth Arrangement Science and the internalisation of key parts of endosymbiotic hypothesis into biology curricula worldwide – Margulis if anything became many embroiled in controversy, not less. Journalist Trick Wilson explained this away saying that Lynn Margulis "characterized herself by oppositional science,"[45] and in the commemorative collection of essays Lynn Margulis: The Liveliness and Bequest of a Knowledge domain Rebel, commentators again and again show her as a modern avatar of the "knowledge domain rebel",[5] consanguineal to Freeman Dyson's 1995 essay, The Scientist arsenic Rise up, a tradition Dyson power saw embodied in Benjamin Franklin, and which he believed to embody essential to good science.[46] Occasionally, Margulis could make extremely provocative comments in interviews that appeared to support her most strident critics' condemnation. The following describes three of these controversies.

Metabolism theory [edit]

In 2009, via a then-standard publication-process called "communicated submission" (which bypassed traditional referee), she was instrumental in getting the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) to put out a paper by Donald I. Williamson rejecting "the Darwinian assumption that larvae and their adults evolved from a unshared common ancestor."[47] [48] Williamson's newspaper publisher provoked immediate response from the scientific community, including a countering paper in PNAS.[47] Conrad Labandeira of the Smithsonian Domestic Museum of Natural History said, "If I was reviewing [Williamson's wallpaper] I would probably opt to reject it," he says, "only I'm not saying it's a corky thing that this is published. What information technology may do is broaden the discussion on how transfiguration works and ... [on] ... the blood of these very radical life cycles." But Duke University dirt ball developmental life scientist Fred Nijhout said that the paper was better suited for the "National Inquirer than the National Academy."[49] In September it was announced that PNAS would eliminate communicated submissions in July 2010. PNAS explicit that the determination had nothing to do with the Williamson controversy.[48]

AIDS/HIV theory [cut]

In 2009 Margulis and vii others authored a lay paper concerning research on the viability of round consistence forms of some spirochetes, "Pox, Lyme disease, & AIDS: Resurgence of 'the great imitator'?"[50] which states that, "Detailed research that correlates life histories of dependent spirochetes to changes in the immune system of associated vertebrates is sorely required", and spurring the "reinvestigation of the natural history of mammalian, tick-borne, and sex organ transmission of spirochetes in relation to impairment of the hominal immune system". The paper went on to suggest "that the attainable direct causative involvement of spirochetes and their round bodies to symptoms of immune deficiency be carefully and vigorously investigated".[50]

In a Discover Magazine interview which was published little than six months ahead her death, Margulis explained to writer Dick Teresi her cause for matter to in the topic of 2009 "AIDS" paper: "I'm involved in spirochetes only because of our ancestry. I'm not interested in the diseases", and stated that she had called them "symbionts" because some the spirochete which causes pox (Treponema) and the spirochete which causes Lyme disease (Borrelia) only hold about 20% of the genes they would need to bouncy freely, outside of their human hosts.[12]

However, in the Discover Magazine interview Margulis same that "the set of symptoms, operating theater syndrome, presented away syphilitics overlaps completely with another syndrome: AIDS", and also known that Kary Mullis[a] said that "he went looking for a reference verificatory that HIV causes Acquired immune deficiency syndrome and discovered, 'There is atomic number 102 much document' ".[12]

This provoked a general assumption that Margulis had been an "AIDS denialist". Notably Krauthead Coyne reacted on his Why Evolution is True blog against his interpretation that Margulis believed "that AIDS is really syphilis, not viral in origin at all."[51] Set Kalichman, a multiethnic psychologist who studies behavioural and social aspects of AIDS, cited her 2009 paper Eastern Samoa an example of AIDS denialism "roaring",[52] and declared that her "endorsement of HIV/AIDS denialism defies understanding".[53]

9/11 "Truth" [edit]

Margulis argued that the September 11 attacks were a "false-flag mathematical operation, which has been accustomed justify the wars in Islamic State of Afghanistan and Iraq also A unprecedented assaults on ... civil liberties." She claimed that there was "irresistible evidence that the three buildings [of the Global Trade Concentrate on] collapsed by controlled demolition."[5]

Awards and recognitions [blue-pencil]

  • Elected Chap of the Land Association for the Progress of Science in 1975.[23]
  • Guggenheim Fellowship in 1978.[25]
  • Elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1983.
  • Guest Hagey Reader, University of Waterloo, 1985[54]
  • Miescher-Ishida Prize in 1986.[25]
  • 1989, conferred the Commandeur de l'Ordre stilbestrol Palmes Académiques de France.[23]
  • Has her papers for good archived in the Library of Congress, Capital, DC.
  • 1992, recipient of Chancellor's Medal for Distinguished Faculty of the University of Massachusetts at Amherst.[24]
  • 1995, elective Fellow of the World Academy of Art and Science.[55] [56]
  • 1997, elected to the Russian Academy of Instinctive Sciences.[3] [55]
  • 1998, recipient of the Distinguished Service Award of the American Institute of Biological Sciences.[24]
  • 1998, elected Chap of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[57]
  • 1999, recipient of the William Procter Prize for Technological Achievement.
  • 1999, recipient of the National Laurel wreath of Science, awarded past President William J. Clinton.
  • 2001, Golden Plate Honour of the Terra firma Honorary society of Achievement[58]
  • 2002–05, Smyrnium olusatru von Humboldt Prize.
  • 2005, elected President of Sigma Xi, The Knowledge domain Explore Fellowship.[55]
  • Profiled in Visionaries: The 20th Century's 100 Most Operative Sacred Leadership, publicized in 2007.
  • Based Sciencewriters Books in 2006 with her son Dorion.[59]
  • Was one of thirteen recipients in 2008 of the Darwin-Wallace Medal, heretofore conferred all 50 years, by the Linnean Society of London.
  • 2009, speaker unit at the Biological Evolution Facts and Theories Conference, held at the Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome aimed at promoting dialogue between biological process biota and Christianity.
  • 2010, inductee into the Da Vinci da Vinci Society of Thinking[60] at the University of Advancing Applied science in Tempe, Grand Canyon State.
  • 2010, NASA Community service Award for Exobiology.[25]
  • 2012, Lynn Margulis Symposium: Celebrating a Life in Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, March 23–25, 2012
  • 2017, the Journal of Hypothetical Biology 434, 1–114 commemorated the 50th anniversary of "The origin of mitosing cells" with a special upsho
  • Honorary doctorate from 15 universities.[55]

Works [edit]

Books [edit out]

  • Margulis, Lynn (1970). Origin of Being Cells, Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-01353-1
  • Margulis, Lynn (1982). Early Life, Science Books External, ISBN 0-86720-005-7
  • Margulis, Lynn, and Dorion Sagan (1986). Origins of Sex : Three Jillio Years of Genetic Recombination, Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-03340-0
  • Margulis, Lynn, and Dorion Sagan (1987). Microcosmos: Quaternity Cardinal Years of Evolution from Our Microbial Ancestors, HarperCollins, ISBN 0-04-570015-X
  • Margulis, Lynn, and Dorion Sagan (1991). Mystery Dance: On the Evolution of Human Sexuality, Summit Books, ISBN 0-671-63341-4
  • Margulis, Lynn, erectile dysfunction. (1991). Symbiosis as a Source of Evolutionary Innovation: Speciation and Morphogenesis, The MIT Press, ISBN 0-262-13269-9
  • Margulis, Lynn (1991). "Symbiosis in Evolution: Origins of Cell Motility". In Osawa, Syozo; Honzo, Tasuku (eds.). Evolution of Life: Fossils, Molecules and Culture. Japan: Springing cow. pp. 305–324. doi:10.1007/978-4-431-68302-5_19. ISBN978-4-431-68304-9.
  • Margulis, Lynn (1992). Symbiosis in Cell Evolution: Microbial Communities in the Archeozoic and Proterozoic Eons, W.H. Freeman, ISBN 0-7167-7028-8
  • Sagan, Dorion, and Margulis, Lynn (1993). The Garden of Microbial Delights: A Virtual Guide to the Subvisible World, Kendall/Hunt, ISBN 0-8403-8529-3
  • Margulis, Lynn, Dorion Sagan and Niles Eldredge (1995) What Is Life sentence?, Simon and Schuster, ISBN 978-0684810874
  • Margulis, Lynn, and Dorion Sagan (1997). Slanted Truths: Essays happening Gaia, Symbiosis, and Evolution, Copernicus Books, ISBN 0-387-94927-5
  • Margulis, Lynn, and Dorion Sagan (1997). What Is Sex?, Simon and Schuster, ISBN 0-684-82691-7
  • Margulis, Lynn, and Karlene V. Schwartz (1997). Five Kingdoms: An Illustrated Templet to the Phyla of Life on Earth, W.H. Freeman & Society, ISBN 0-613-92338-3
  • Margulis, Lynn (1998). Symbiotic Planet : A New Look at Evolution, Basic Books, ISBN 0-465-07271-2
  • Margulis, Lynn, et al. (2002). The Frosting Chronicles: The Quest to Sympathise Global Climate Change, University of New Hampshire, ISBN 1-58465-062-1
  • Margulis, Lynn, and Dorion Sagan (2002). Acquiring Genomes: A Hypothesis of the Origins of Species, Perseus Books Group, ISBN 0-465-04391-7
  • Margulis, Lynn (2007). Luminous Fish: Tales of Skill and Do it, Sciencewriters Books, ISBN 978-1-933392-33-2
  • Margulis, Lynn, and Eduardo Punset, eds. (2007). Listen, Life and World: Conversations with Great Scientists of Our Time, Sciencewriters Books, ISBN 978-1-933392-61-5
  • Margulis, Lynn, and Dorion Sagan (2007). Dazzle Gradually: Reflections on the Nature of Nature, Sciencewriters Books, ISBN 978-1-933392-31-8
  • Margulis, Lynn (2009). "Genome attainment in flat cistron transfer: symbiogenesis and organic compound sequence analysis". In Gogarten, Maria Boekels; Gogarten, Johann Saint Peter; Olendzenski, Lothringen C. (eds.). Horizontal Gene Carry-over:Genomes in Flux. Methods in Unit Biology. 532. Humana Press. pp. 181–191. doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-853-9_10. ISBN978-1-60327-852-2. PMID 19271185.

Journals [edit]

  • Margulis (Sagan), L (1967). "On the Origin of Mitosing Cells". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 14 (3): 225–274. doi:10.1016/0022-5193(67)90079-3. PMID 11541392.
  • Margulis, L (1976). "Genetic and organic process consequences of symbiosis". Enquiry Parasitology. 39 (2): 277–349. DoI:10.1016/0014-4894(76)90127-2. PMID 816668.
  • Margulis, L (1980). "Undulipodia, flagella and cilia". Biosystems. 12 (1–2): 105–108. doi:10.1016/0303-2647(80)90041-6. PMID 7378551.
  • Margulis, L; Bermudes, D (1985). "Symbiosis as a mechanism of evolution: status of cell symbiosis theory". Symbiosis. 1: 101–124. PMID 11543608.
  • Sagan, D; Margulis, L (1987). "Gaia and the evolution of machines". Whole Earth Review. 55: 15–21. PMID 11542102.
  • Bermudes, D; Margulis, L; Tzertzinis, G (1987). "Prokaryotic line of undulipodia. Application of the panda rationale to the centriole enigma". Chronological record of the New York Academy of Sciences. 503 (1): 187–197. Bibcode:1987NYASA.503..187B. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb40608.x. PMID 3304075. S2CID 39709909.
  • Lazcano, A; Guerrero, R; Margulis, L; Oró, J (1988). "The evolutionary transition from RNA to DNA in early cells". Diary of Building block Evolution. 27 (4): 283–290. Bibcode:1988JMolE..27..283L. doi:10.1007/bf02101189. PMID 2464698. S2CID 21008416.
  • Margulis, L (1990). "Words as battle cries—symbiogenesis and the new field of endocytobiology". Life science. 40 (9): 673–677. Department of the Interior:10.2307/1311435. JSTOR 1311435. PMID 11541293.
  • Margulis, L (1996). "Archaeal-eubacterial mergers in the origination of Eukarya: phylogenetic classification of life". Transactions of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A of America. 93 (3): 1071–1076. Bibcode:1996PNAS...93.1071M. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.3.1071. PMC40032. PMID 8577716.
  • John Chapman, MJ; Margulis, L (1998). "Morphogenesis by symbiogenesis". International Microbiology. 1 (4): 319–26. PMID 10943381.
  • Margulis, L.; Dolan, M. F.; Guerrero, R. (2000). "The chimeric eukaryote: Origin of the nucleus from the karyomastigont in amitochondriate protists". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 97 (13): 6954–6959. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.6954M. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.13.6954. PMC34369. PMID 10860956.
  • Wier, A.; Dolan, M.; Grimaldi, D.; Guerrero, R.; Wagensberg, J.; Margulis, L. (2002). "Spirochaete and protist symbionts of a termite (Mastotermes electrodominicus) in Miocene epoch yellow-brown". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 99 (3): 1410–1413. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99.1410W. doi:10.1073/pnas.022643899. PMC122204. PMID 11818534.
  • Dolan, Michael F.; Melnitsky, Hannah; Margulis, Lynn; Kolnicki, Robin (2002). "Motility proteins and the root of the nucleus". The Anatomical Record. 268 (3): 290–301. doi:10.1002/ar.10161. PMID 12382325. S2CID 7405778.
  • Margulis, L (2005). "Hans Ris (1914–2004). Genophore, chromosomes and the bacterial descent of chloroplasts". International Microbiology. 8 (2): 145–8. PMID 16052465.
  • Margulis, L.; Chapman, M.; Guerrero, R.; Hall, J. (2006). "The last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA): Acquisition of cytoskeletal motility from aerotolerant spirochetes in the Proterozoic Eon". Proceedings of the General Academy of Sciences. 103 (35): 13080–13085. Bibcode:2006PNAS..10313080M. doi:10.1073/pnas.0604985103. PMC1559756. PMID 16938841.
  • Dolan, MF; Margulis, L (2007). "Advances in biology reveal truth about prokaryotes". Nature. 445 (7123): 21. Bibcode:2007Natur.445...21D. doi:10.1038/445021b. PMID 17203039. S2CID 4426413.
  • Margulis, Lynn; Chapman, Michael; Dolan, Michael F. (2007). "Semes for analytic thinking of evolution: de Duve's peroxisomes and Meyer's hydrogenases in the bitter Proterozoic eon". Nature Reviews Genetic science. 8 (10): 1. doi:10.1038/nrg2071-c1. PMID 17923858. S2CID 33808568.
  • Brorson, O.; Brorson, S.-H.; Scythes, J.; MacAllister, J.; Wier, A.; Margulis, L. (2009). "Destruction of spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi discoidal-body propagules (RBs) by the antibiotic Tigecycline". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (44): 18656–18661. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10618656B. DoI:10.1073/pnas.0908236106. PMC2774030. PMID 19843691.
  • Wier, AM; Sacchi, L; Dolan, Medium frequency; Bandi, C; Macallister, J; Margulis, L (2010). "Spirochete attachment ultrastructure: Implications for the parentage and evolution of cilia". The Biological Bulletin. 218 (1): 25–35. doi:10.1086/BBLv218n1p25. PMID 20203251. S2CID 21634272.
  • Guerrero, R; Margulis, L; Berlanga, M; Bandi, C; Macallister, J; Margulis, L (2013). "Symbiogenesis: the holobiont as a unit of evolution". Supranational Microbiology. 16 (3): 133–143. DoI:10.2436/20.1501.01.188. PMID 24568029.

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ Kary Mullis won the 1993 Nobel prize for the polymerase chain response, and is known for his unconventional scientific views.

References [edit]

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External links [cut]

  • "Lynn Margulis". Biology. UMass.
  • "Endosymbiotic Theory". Worksheet. N100. IUPUI. Jan 14, 2002. Archived from the unconventional connected September 8, 2007. Retrieved March 12, 2005.
  • Tischfield, Jay (2004). Rutgers Interview (video).
    • Part 1 (2010) happening YouTube
    • Part 2 (2010) on YouTube
    • Part 3 (2010) on YouTube
  • 911: Explosive Evidence, Experts Speak Out (2011, excerption) on YouTube
  • Symbiotic Worldly concern: How Lynn Margulis rocked the boat and started a technological revolution (documentary film film). a film away John Feldman ; handwriting, Toilet Feldman ; producer, Susan Davies ; a Hummingbird Films production. Oley, PA: Bullfrog Films. 2018. CS1 maint: others in cite Ab media (notes) (link) Find it in a library. OCLC 1032829183.
  • Works by or about Lynn Margulis in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
  • "Lynn Margulis". San Jose Science, Technology and Society. Linus Pauling Memorial Lectures. Institute for Scientific discipline, Engineering science, and Populace Policy. Mar 10, 2005. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved March 12, 2005.

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